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The enzyme from Esnucleotidase any phosphoric monoester hydrolase enzyme that cherichia coli is formed from B2 protein (dimer of b chains; Fecatalyses the hydrolysis of a nucleotide (def treatment 5 of chemo was tuff but made it order liv 52 american express. These enzymes hydrolyse a activity is a common mechanism of drug resistance (especially to 5fi-ribonucleotide to a ribonucleoside and orthophosphate treatment gastritis buy discount liv 52 online. Nucleotides are the this enzyme can be isolated from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella constitutional units into which nucleic acids are broken down by pneumoniae plasmids 97140 treatment code cheap liv 52 online amex, and confers resistance to kanamycin 25 medications to know for nclex buy 60ml liv 52 free shipping, genpartial hydrolysis and from which they are considered to be built tamicin medicine 801 liv 52 120ml, dibekacin treatment of hyperkalemia discount liv 52 on line, sisomicin, neomycin, and tobramycin by adenyup. Usually a spheroidal body, it is sepapound containing a moiety of a nucleotide (def. Exceptionally, the particle on which a crystal, droplet, or bubble forms in a fluid. The coenzyme fits in a pocket made by the folding of the polypepNuclides having the same neutron number but different proton tide chain. Many such enzymes combine specifically with blue numbers are termed isotonic nuclides, or isotones. A given nuclide agarose owing to putative structural similarity of the bound dye may be specified by attaching its nucleon number either to the name (Reactive Blue 2) to the coenzyme, a property that can be exploited of the relevant chemical element as a suffix, or to the symbol for the in the separation and purification of these enzymes by affinity chrochemical element as a left superscript; the proton number may be matography. A similar property is shown by some other nucleotideattached to the symbol as a left subscript;. Nucleotide units in a given numatrin another name for nucleolar phosphoprotein B23. O N number fraction symbol: d; the number of defined particles or elementary entities of a specified component of a system divided by the total number of defined particles in the system. Nurr 1 an orphan nuclear receptor expressed almost exclusively in the central nervous system, where it is confined to dopaminergic nystatin a mycosamine-containing polyene antifungal antibiotic neurons. In mice, it seems to be absolutely required for generation complex (three components) produced by Streptomyces noursei and of these neurons. It is very similar to amphotericin B in its nurse cell a cell that is connected by cytoplasmic bridges to an properties and mechanism. Two proprietary names are Fungicidin oocyte and thereby conveys macromolecules to the growing oocyte. Comconcentrations; it is essentially a development of the Oudin techpare facultative. The antiserum in 1agar is placed at the bottom of a cylindriobligate heterozygote an individual in a family who is proven to cal tube above which is placed a layer of 1 agar gel in 1 saline, and carry one copy of a recessive allele by having had affected progeny 0. They are useful in the serological classification obscurin a protein of the Z band of skeletal muscle that interacts of Salmonella, Shigella, and other bacteria. It is homologous with a group It is widespread in mammalian tissues and especially active in liver, of pathogenesis-related proteins and has antibacterial and antifunkidney, and small intestinal mucosa. Ghrelin and obestatin are both derived from the ghrelin gene occupation theory of agonist action a theory stating that the propeptide by posttranslational cleavage and modification. Compare rate theory of agquence motif but forms a highly curved five-stranded beta sheet onist action. These toxins may occur on contaminated foodstuffs such as teen carbon atoms and three double bonds per molecule. The 5Eand 6Z(petroselenic acid; see petroselenate) isomers are found in seed oils; the 6Eisomer is named petroselaidic ochratoxin A acid, and the 9E-isomer is elaidic acid, a common constituent of fats and oils (see elaidate). The 11Eand 11Z-isomers are, respectively, transand cis-vaccenic acid (see vaccenate). Some ochre suppressors (supC and supG) also regular octahedron the faces are congruent equilateral triangles and suppress amber codons. They are leucine zipoctonic acid any monocarboxylic aldonic acid formally derived per proteins and bind to octamer sequences. Linoleic acid (see linoleate) is the all-Z-(9,12)-isomer and is a constituent of most vegetable oils and animal fats. Octopine was first isolated from the muscles the 9Z,11E,13E,15Z-isomer and the all-E-(9,11,13,15)-isomer are of Octopus, but is found in other cephalopod species and lamelliaand b-parinaric acid respectively, from Parinarium laurinum; branchs. The guanidine group can undergo phosphorylation to both isomers are used as fluorescent probes. Compare octopinic octadecatrienoic acid any straight-chain fatty acid having eighacid. See also mitobeen used in the therapy of breast, ovarian, prostatic, gut, enchondrial carrier proteins. It is added to the systematic name of an unbranched are over 50 different receptors in spermatogenic cells). The oil is of the same refractive index unsaturated straight-chain higher fatty acid. Oil Red O a stain for lipid it is widely used for staining lipoproteins oleate desaturase see phosphatidylcholine desaturase. In essential fatty acid defiH3C ciency in mammals, longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the N oleic family are synthesized, and partially substitute for long-chain N polyunsaturated fatty acids of the linoleic family. It relatively short polydeoxyribonucleotides that are formed, conoccurs very widely in natural lipids. They are G-protein-associ+ol suffix (in chemical nomenclature) indicating the presence of a hyated receptors, and the human genome contains several hundred droxyl group attached to a carbon atom. In humans, two forms, E16 and E18, are produced by alternative splicing of the same gene. The mutant covalent linkage; the units may be of one or of more than one oligonucleotide is annealed to its complementary sequence in the species. A number of methods contains a finite, relatively small, number of identical subunits. Oligomycin B is an pair of oligonucleotides are designed to be ligated when annealed to inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, interfering the mutant or polymorphic sequence. Biotin at the outer 3fi end of the oligonucleotide pair and a hapten at the outermost 5fi end of the N H oligonucleotide pair are covalently linked if ligation takes place. N Reaction products are immobilized by transferring them to streptavidin coated microtitre plates, washed and probed with anti-hapten antibody coupled to an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase. In Drosophila, each conwater, that is poor in nutrients capable of supporting the growth of sists of eight photoreceptor cells and 12 accessory cells. The 2[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl-1H-benzfirst oncogenes were isolated from acutely transforming retroviruses; the retroviral oncogenes (v-onc) were then found to be related to , imidazole, a gastric proton-pump inhibitor. Protooncogenes become oncomembranes of parietal cells within the oxyntic glands of the gastric genes as a result of (1) deletions of portions of the protooncogene; mucosa. Protooncogenes function in normal cells heteroatom is bonded to one more univalent ligand than is normal in growth and differentiation pathways. Some have products that for a neutral molecule containing that heteroatom and therefore act as growth factors. Compare association constant, off+1 oncomodulin other names: parvalbumin beta; oncofetal parvalburate. There ontogeny or ontogenesis the sequence of events in the development are some 100 potential oncogenes in the human genome, and their of an individual organism during its lifetime. The class apart from including appropriately placed initiation and terminaincludes the nopaline and octopine families. Five main groups are recognized: (1) [Leu]enkephalin and open tetrapyrrole see phycobilin. R (= sum of), d/dx (= opioid receptor any G-protein-associated membrane receptor that differentiate with respect to the variable x), + (= add to). See also Jacob-Monod model, lac logues are primarily l agonists, but also have activity on d and j reoperon. Some opioids also bind to other receptors known as r, but ophiobolin a class of sesterterpene produced only by fungi; there are morphine has a very low affinity for these receptors and naloxone six types based on the ophiobolane structure shown. An opsonin molecule acts by linking the surface including morphine all of which are derived from opium. The group of the particulate matter to a specific receptor on the surface of a includes codeine, papaverine, and thebaine. The term is sometimes exphagocytic cell; commonly, this receptor is either an Fc receptor tended to include the opioids (def. See cytocroorganisms or other particulate material) more susceptible to plasmic polyadenylation element. Any particular orbital may be occupied either by one electron dence between chirality of molecules and optical activity. It plane of polarization of plane-polarized light on its transmission by is regulated by several proteins involved in control of the cell cycle. One or more orders make of a macromolecule often gives useful information about the conup a class. The order of reaction symbol: n; the sum of the exponents of the conterm is extended to other kinds of electromagnetic or particulate racentration terms in the rate equation for an elementary chemical rediation in so far as they have similar properties to light. It may also be applied to tive term for an arrangement of optical components (in an instrucertain composite reactions. It is thought to be neuroprotective in the orexin an alternative name for hypocretin. See overinformation along the whole length of a transcript, rather than just pressure(d) layer chromatography. The method involves low-stringency polymerase chain reOracle see relational database management system. It is reorgan any part of the body of a multicellular organism that is 482 organ culture ornithuric acid adapted and/or specialized for the performance of one or more vital two or three) coordinate axes; the point whose coordinates are all functions. More than a hundred point organizer or organiser (in embryology) any part of an embryo that, mutations and gene deletions cause an X chromosome-linked enthrough substances produced by it, stimulates the morphological zyme deficiency in male humans and congenital hyperammonemia. It is the first enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis; its activorganic compound containing mercury, especially one in which a ity increases in response to many agonists, especially those stimulatmercury atom is linked directly to one or more carbon atoms. The human protein (301 amino acids) consists of three organometal compound any such compound. Several mutations of ornithine trans(including fluorophosphoric, thiophosphoric, etc. Organophosphorus comother ureotelic animals, that converts waste nitrogen, in the form of pounds were originally developed as nerve gases, and later used as highly toxic ammonium, to essentially nontoxic urea, which may agricultural insecticides and as anthelmintics. Urea is formed by hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-orbenzenesulfonylfluoride, diisopropyl fluorophosphonate, phenylmethylsulnithine, the cycle being completed by conversion of ornithine to Lfonyl fluoride. Two enzymes of the cycle (cartype, that has a single free valence at a carbon atom;. Certain alleles of the gene encoding this protein orotidylate 1 either the monoanion or the dianion of orotidylic have been found to be significantly increased in patients with differacid. Orotidine 5fi-phosphate is decarboxylated to uridine 5fi-phosphate by orotidine-5fi-phosphate deorotidylic acid phosphorylase see orotate phosphoribosyltranscarboxylase. It is orotic aciduria a rare hereditary disorder of pyrimidine synthesis in derived from a precursor protein (186 amino acids) homologous to humans that is characterized by retarded growth, hyperchromic preprodynorphin and to preproenkephalin. It binds to a G-proteinanemia unresponsive to the usual hematinics, and an excessive excoupled membrane receptor related to the opioid receptors. Orthologues usually perform the same or highly similar functions in Three other genes (capu, spir, and stau) are required for the initial their different host species;. The 4 smelling, moderately water-soluble, electron-dense substance used group includes the influenza A, B, and C viruses. The symptoms osmolal 1 describing a solution that contains one osmole (of a specimay be produced by cocaine, amphetamines, or tricyclic antidefied solute), or an indicated number of osmoles, per kilogram of solpressants, or by an autosomal dominant loss-of-function mutation in the norepinephrine transporter. It is molarity is greater than the molarity to an extent dependent both considered to be involved in Ca2+ oscillations that serve as the eson the number of particles into which the substance dissociates and sential trigger for egg activation and early development of the emon the position of the equilibrium.

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Leukocytes emigrate from the vasculature by extending pseudopods between the I endothelial cells b medications jamaica discount 200ml liv 52 with visa. They then move between the endothelial cells medications definition 200 ml liv 52 fast delivery, migrating through the basement membrane toward the inflammatory stimulus 4 treatment viral conjunctivitis best order liv 52. Chemotaxis is the attraction of cellstoward a chemical mediator that is released in the area of inflammation b medicine to stop vomiting buy discount liv 52 line. During inflammation macrophages are mainly recruited from the blood (circulating monocytes) iv symptoms zoloft cheap liv 52 line. Definition: specialized form of chronic inflammation characterized by small aggregates of modified macrophages (epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant Bilobed Nucleus z pak medications cheap liv 52 online mastercard, cells) usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes Large Granules (Blue) b. Infectious diseases are very prevalent worldwide and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality b. Hemodynamic changes in acute inflammation are mediated by vasoactive chemicals and, after a transient initial vasoconstriction, produce massive dilation with increased vascular permeability. Neutrophils are important white blood cells in acute inflammation that contain granules with many degradative enzymes. Chediak-Higashi syndrome is an example of a genetic diseasewith defective neutrophil phagocytosis. Once a bacterium has been phagocytized, both oxygen-requiring and oxygen-independent enzymes can contribute to the killing of the bacteria. Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood and myeloperoxidase deficiency are genetic immunodeficiencies related to a deficiency of oxygendependent killing. Chemical mediators of inflammation include vasoactiveamines, the kinin system, arachidonic acid products, the complement cascade,and cytokines. Acute inflammation may lead to tissue regeneration,scarring,abscessformation, or chronic inflammation. Cellsimportant in chronic inflammation include maaophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Chronic granulomatous inflammation is a specialized form of chronic inflammation with modified macrophages (epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells) usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes. A wide variety of diseasescan cause chronic granulomatous inflammation, most notably tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy, and fungal infections. I I Patternsof tissue response to infectious agents can include exudative inflammation, necrotizing inflammation, granulomatous inflammation, interstitial inflammation, and cytopathic/cytoproliferative inflammation. An 18-year-oldcollegestudent comes to the student health clinicbecause of an 8-h history of a severe headache and "stiff neck. Physicalexamination shows nuchal rigidity and palpable purpura on her trunk and lower extremities. Gram stain analysisof cerebrospinal fluid obtained by a lumbar puncture shows Gram-negative intracellular diplococci. A 69-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 7-d history of fever,cough, chills, and pleuritic chest pain. She says that her sputum was initially a rust color, but it has been more yellowish over the past few days. Which of the following is the most likelytissue response to this infectious organismfi Regeneration and repair of damaged cells and tissues starts almost as soon as the inflammatory process begins b. Examples: surface epithelial cells (skin and mucosal lining cells), hematopoietic cells, stem cells, etc. Definition: occurs with clean wounds when there has been little tissue damage and the wound edges are closely approximated b. Definition: occurs in wounds that have large tissue defects and when the two skin edges are not in contact b. Wound healing may be prolonged by foreign bodies, infection, ischemia, diabetes, malnutrition, or scurvy. Entactin Chapter Summary Wound healing involves regeneration of the damaged tissue by cells of the same type and tissue repair with replacement by connective tissue. Labile cell populations that regenerate throughout life include surface epithelial cells, hematopoietic cells, and stem cells. Stable cells that replicate at a low level through life, but can divide if stimulated, include hepatocytes, proximal tubule cells, and endothelial cells. Permanent cellsthat cannot replicate in adult life include neurons and cardiac muscle. Tissuerepair with replacement of a damaged area bya connective tissue scar is mediated by I many growth factors and cytokines. Initially granulation tissue forms, which later undergoes wound I contraction mediated by myofibroblasts, eventually resulting in true scar formation. Wound healing by first intention (primary union) occurs after clean wounds have been closely approximated. Wound healing by second intention (secondary union) occurs in wounds with larger defects in which the edges cannot be closely approximated. Problems that can occur with wound healing include delayed wound healing, hypertrophic scar formation, and keloid formation. Other extracellular matrix components include elasticfibers, adhesion molecules, and proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. Basement membranes have a net negative charge and are composed of collagen and other extracellular matrix components. A 16-year-old girl comes to the physician because of a "large growth" on her earlobe. She says that she began to notice it about 3 weeks after she got her ears pierced, and it has been growing "exponentially" ever since. Physical exarni~ation shows a 3-cm, firm tumor hanging from her left earlobe: Excessive production of which of the following types of collagen is associated with this conditionfi Her cook passed away 6 months ago, and she has been eating "tea and toast" ever since. Definition: presence of excess fluid in the intercellular space Edema can be localized or 2. Definition: an excessive amount of blood in a tissue or organ secondary to vasodilatation (active) or diminished venous outflow (passive) Table 5-1. Definition: sequence of events leading to the cessation of bleeding by the formaClotting is a balance between tion of a stable fibrin-platelet hemostatic plug two opposing forces: those b. Hemostasis involves interactions between the vascular wall, platelets, and the favoring the formation of a coagulation system stable thrombus versus those 2. Changes in blood flow cause turbulence and stasis, which favors clot formation ii. Membrane expression of the phospholipid complex, which is an important In a Nutshell platform for the coagulation cascade d. Common Platelet Disorders Thrombocytopenia Qualitative Defects Decreased production von Willebrand disease Aplastic anemia (drugs, virus, etc. Peripheral blood smear shows thrombocytopenia with enlarged immature platelets (megathrombocytes) iv. Bone marrow biopsy shows increased numbers of megakaryocytes with immature forms d. Splenectomy, which removes the site of platelet destruction and antibody, production 5. Peripheral blood smear shows thrombocytopenia and schistocytes, and reticulocytosis d. Laboratory tests for coagulation Patientson warfarin therapy should be monitored using i. Definition: inherited bleeding disorder characterized by either a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor b. Definition: any intravascular mass that has been carried down the bloodstream from its site of origin, resulting in the occlusion of a vessel 2. Common sites of infarction include the lower extremities, brain, intestine, kidney, and spleen d. Most infarcts (99%) result from thrombotic or embolic occlusion of an artery or vem ii. Occur in solid organs with a single blood supply such as the spleen, kidney, and heart d. Occur in organs with a dual blood supply or collateral circulation, such as the lung and intestines ii. General sequence of tissue changes after infarction: i ischemia 7 coagulative necrosis 7 inflammation 7 granulation tissue 7 fibrous scar, I I I F. Definition: shock is characterized by vascular collapse and widespread hypoperfusion I of cells and tissue due to reduced blood volume, cardiac output, or vascular tone I b. If the hypoxia persists, the cellular injury becomes irreversible, leading to the death of cells and the patient " 2. Release of endotoxins (bacterial walllipopolysaccharides) into the circulation iii. Anaphylactic shock (generalized vasodilatation)-type I hypersensitivity reaction 3. Stage I: compensation, in which perfusion to vital organs is maintained by reflex mechanisms 1. Development of a metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalances, and renal insufficiency c. Acute adrenal insufficiency 42 mtlClical Circulatory Pathology Chapter Summary Edema is the presence of excess fluid in the intercellular space. Causes of edema include increased hydrostatic pressure, hypoalbuminemia and decreased colloid pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and increased endothelial permeability. Transudates have low protein content and specific gravity,while exudates have high protein content and specific gravity. Hyperemia is an excessive amount of blood in a tissue or organ and can be due either to vasodilation (active hyperemia) or diminished venous outflow (passive hyperemia or congestion). Hemostasis is the sequence of events leading to cessation of bleeding by the formation of a stable fibrin-platelet hemostatic plug. Vascularwall injury triggers transient vasoconstriction, facilitation of platelet adhesion, and activation of both the extrinsic and intrinsic clotting pathways. Formation of a platelet thrombus occurs when platelets adhere to von Willebrand factor attached to subendothelial collagen, undergo shape change and degranulation, and then aggregate with additional platelets. Causes of thrombocytopenia due to decreased platelet production include aplastic anemia and tumor. Causes of qualitative platelet defects include von Willebrand disease, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Glanzmann thrombasthenia, aspirin, and uremia. Von Willebrand disease is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor, which facilitatesformation of platelet clots. Factors involved in thrombus formation include endothelial injury, alterations in laminar blood flow, and hypercoagulability of blood. Thrombi can lead to a spectrum of outcomes, including vascular occlusion and infarction, embolism, thrombolysis, and organization and recanalization. J the term embolism is used for any intravascular mass that has been carried downstream from its site of origin, resulting in occlusion of a vessel. Ninety-eight percent of emboli are thromboembolia, but many other materials have also formed emboli. Pulmonary emboli are a common form of emboli that are often clinicallysilent but can cause infarction orsudden death. Systemic arterial emboli usually arise in the heart and may cause infarction in a I variety of sites, depending upon where they lodge. Ninety-nine percent of infarcts result from thrombotic occlusion of an artery or vein. Anemic infarcts occur in organs with a single blood supply, whereas hemorrhagic infarcts occur in organs with a dual blood supply or secondary to venous occlusion. The general sequence of tissue changes after infarction is: ischemia leads to coagulative necrosis, which leads to inflammation, which leads to granulation tissue, which leads to fibrous scar. Shock is characterized by vascular collapse and widespread hypoperfusion of cells and tissues due to reduced blood volume, cardiac output, or vascular tone. Shock has been clinicallydivided I i I into: compensated shock (Stage I), decompensated shock (Stage 11),and irreversible injury (Stage 111).

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For example medications or therapy discount liv 52 online master card, children with bipolar disorder have Down syndrome A common birth defect that is been found to frequently have a particular type of usually due to an extra chromosome 21 (trisomy nightmare medications in checked baggage cheap liv 52 100ml free shipping, and especially lucid dreams are a side 21) medications side effects discount liv 52 100ml without a prescription. These clues indicate characteristic facial appearance permatex rust treatment discount 60ml liv 52 otc, and multiple malthat chemicals in the brain symptoms upper respiratory infection order liv 52 120 ml line, as well as life events and formations medicine in the 1800s buy 60 ml liv 52 amex. About one-half of children with Down syndrome have heart defects, drug, anti-angiogenesis See anti-angiogenemost often holes between the two sides of the heart sis drug. With appropriate intervention, most children with Down syndrome live active, prodrug, antihypertensive See antihypertensive. Most are mildly to moderately retarded, although some have drug, anti-infective See agent, anti-infective. Down syndrug, over-the-counter A drug for which a predrome was also once called mongolism, a term now scription is not needed. If the ductus stays open, flow reverses, and of seizure disorder or brain disease. See also diphblood from the aorta is shunted into the pulmonary theria; tetanus. Acellular dumping syndrome A group of symptoms, pertussis vaccine is also probably less likely than including cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and dizziness, regular pertussis vaccine to cause the more severe that occur when food or liquid enters the small reactions occasionally seen following pertussis vacintestine too rapidly. See duodenal ulcer A crater (ulcer) in the lining of also diphtheria; pertussis; tetanus. Other factors predisposing a tussis (whooping cough) immunization, a vaccine person to ulcers include anti-inflammatory medicathat is given in a series of five shots at 2, 4, 6, and 18 tions and cigarette smoking. Treatment involves using antibividuals who are capable of carrying and passing otics to eradicate H. Tetanus bacteria are prevalent in natural surroundings, such as contaminated soil. Children with duodenitis Inflammation of the duodenum, the compromised immune systems or known neurologifirst part of the small intestine. When the palm is persistently sore with grasping, ultrasound treatments can be helpful. The bones fixed flexed posture (contracture) of the fingers of the arms and legs are very short. A person with dysarthria may also have problems controlling power of attorney allows another person to make the pitch, loudness, rhythm, and voice qualities of bank transactions, sign Social Security checks, his or her speech. Dysarthria is caused by paralysis, apply for disability, or write checks to pay utility bills weakness, or inability to coordinate the muscles of while an individual is medically incapacitated. Dysarthria can occur as a developmendocuments are recommended for any patient who may be unable to make his or her wishes known tal disability. Treatment of dysarthria includes intensive speech therapy with a focus on oral-motor dwarfism Abnormally short stature, which may skill development. Mild cases can often be comheight of 148 cm (4 feet 10 inches) or shorter, pensated for with use of a calculator, but those with among both men and women. See also achondroplasia; dwarfism, dysentery Inflammation of the intestine, with pituitary; hypochondroplasia; Seckel syndrome. Children with growth hormone deficiency may grow normally for the first dysfunction, erectile See erectile dysfunction. Pituitary dwarfism can be include fine-motor-muscle control of the hands and/or processing difficulties. Sometimes occupational treated with injections of human growth hormone. Most suctoward the underlying cause and vaginal lubricant cessful students with dysgraphia that does not respond jelly can be of help. A condition characterized by upper abdominal symptoms that may include dyskinesia the presence of involuntary movepain or discomfort, bloating, feeling of fullness with ments, such as the choreaform movements seen in very little intake of food, feeling of unusual fullness some cases of rheumatic fever or the characteristic following meals, nausea, loss of appetite, heartburn, movements of tardive dyskinesia. The dyskinesia are side effects of certain medications, term dyspepsia is often used for these symptoms particularly L-dopa and, in the case of tardive dyskwhen they are not typical of a well-described disease inesia, antipsychotic drugs. After a cause for the symptoms has been dyslexia A specific developmental disability that determined, the term dyspepsia is usually dropped alters the way the brain processes written material. Dysphagia can among people with dyslexia is that they read at levels compromise nutrition and hydration and may lead significantly lower than are typical for people of their to aspiration pneumonia and dehydration. Dyslexia is different from reading retardation which may, for example, reflect mendysphonia An impairment of the voice. Hoarseness caused by a virus is a comdyslexia should be directed to the specific learning mon form of dysphonia. The usual course is to modify teaching methods and the educational dysphonia, spasmodic A disorder that involves environment to meet the specific needs of the indithe muscles of the throat that control speech. The prognoSpasmodic dysphonia causes strained and difficult sis is generally good, however, for individuals whose speaking or breathy and effortful speech. Also dyslexia is identified early, who have supportive famknown as spastic dysphonia and laryngeal dystonia. Dyslipidemias may be manifested by tion of the retina during embryonic development. A malformed ear, for example, nevi are generally larger than ordinary moles, and is a dysmorphic feature. They are usually flat, but parts may be malformations (birth defects), particularly those raised above the skin surface. Focal dystonia due to blepharospasm is the second most dyspraxia, developmental See developmental common focal dystonia. Only one eye may be affected initially, but eventually both eyes are usually dyspraxia of speech A developmental disability involved. The spasms may leave the eyelids comcharacterized by difficulty with muscle control, pletely closed, causing functional blindness even specifically with the muscles involved in producing though the eyes and vision are normal. Treatment involves Uncontrollable blinking may also be caused by tic intensive speech therapy that concentrates on oraldisorders, including Tourette syndrome. Early-onset torsion dystonia is not fatal, but it can be severely dystocia Difficult or abnormal labor or delivery. The jaw may be pulled either open or shut, and speech and dystocia, placental Dystocia characterized by swallowing can be difficult. These symptoms typically start in one part of the body, usumovements may involve the entire body or only an ally in an arm or a leg, and eventually spread to the isolated area. A form that strikes in childhood is sporadically without any genetic pattern, may be known as idiopathic torsion dystonia, early-onset associated with medications (particularly antipsytorsion dystonia, and generalized torsion dystonia. Myotonic dystrophy is also characterized by the development of a dystonia, dopa-responsive See dopa-responmask-like, expressionless face, premature balding, sive dystonia. Common focal dystonias that affect dysuria Pain during urination, or difficulty urithe muscles of the hand and sometimes the forearm nating. The larger of the two sacs, the utriculus, is the principal organ of the vestibular system, which is the system of balance. The smaller of the two sacs, the sacculus, is also connected by a membranous tube to the cochlea that contains the organ Ee of Corti. The hair cells, which are the special sensory receptors for hearing, are in the organ of Corti. Technically, the mally present in the colon with no harmful ear is low-set when the helix of the ear meets the craconsequences, it can cause disease when transmitnium at a level below that of a horizontal plane ted from human to human via water, food, or feces. The presence of two or more minor anomalies compromised immune systems are especially at risk such as this one in a child increases the probability for E. If the styloid process is oversized ear, middle A part of the ear that consists of the or projects too far, the tissues in the throat can rub eardrum (tympanic membrane) and, beyond it, a on it causing pain during the act of swallowing and cavity (tympanum). Diagnosis of Eagle synpharynx (nasopharynx) via a canal known as the drome is made by an X-ray demonstrating an abnorEustachian tube. The outer, or municates with the pharynx, equilibrates with exterexternal, ear helps concentrate the vibrations of air nal pressure, and transmits the eardrum vibrations created by sound onto the eardrum, causing the to the inner ear. These vibrations are transmitted by a chain of little bones in the middle ear to the ear, outer the part of the ear that is visible along inner ear, where they stimulate the fibers of the the side of the head. The presence of two or ear, inner A highly complex structure whose more minor anomalies such as this one in a child essential component for hearing is the membranous increases the probability that the child has a major labyrinth, where the fibers of the auditory nerve malformation. Both of these conlabyrinth is a system of communicating sacs and ditions also feature a very high rate of sensorineural ducts (tubes) filled with fluid (endolymph), and it is hearing loss and ear infections. See also fetal alcohol effect; fetal alcosome points the membranous labyrinth is attached hol syndrome. The bony labyrinth has three parts: a central cavity called the ear piercing the practice of using a needle or vestibule; semicircular canals, which open into the needle gun to make holes through the ear lobe or vestibule; and a spiraling tube called the cochlea. The membranous labyrinth also has a vestibule, Ear piercing can result in inflammation and/or. Infected ear piercings should be washed drum, usually due to bacteria such as streptococcus, and then treated with antibiotic cream. External ear treatment involves either allowing the piercing to infection is usually caused by excessive water expoclose or using only nonirritating jewelry (usually sure. The likelihood of trapped by wax), the skin will become soggy and inflammation and infection is greater for piercings serve as an inviting culture media for bacteria. The that go through hard cartilage, as found on the side first sign of an external ear infection is a feeling of and top of the outer ear, than for the soft bottom fullness and itching in the ear. With severe infection, the ear canal can swell completely shut ear pit A tiny pit in front of the ear, also called and the side of the face can become swollen. This minor anomaly is of no Moisture and irritation will prolong the course of consequence in and of itself. For this reason, the ear should be blacks than in whites, and in females than males. A hearing aid should be left or more minor anomalies such as this one in a child out. However, the presence of two or more puncture may be due to an accident, as when someminor anomalies such as this one in a child increases thing is stuck into the ear, or due to fluid pressure the probability that the child has a major malformain the middle ear. A tiny incision (myringotomy) is made in the eardrum to allow ear tube A small plastic tube that is inserted into fluid trapped behind the eardrum, usually thickened the eardrum (tympanum) to keep the middle ear secretions, to be removed. Ear tubes may remain in place for several ear infection Infection of the ear by bacteria or years. Ear infections are the most frequent diagtine office visit, or it may simply fall out of the ear nosis in sick children. The Eustachian tube is shorter in chilear tumor A formation of benign (noncancerdren than in adults, allowing easy entry of bacteria ous) bumps on the external ear or within the exterand viruses. Most of these lumps and bumps are times associated with excessive cotton swab irritaharmless sebaceous cysts. Breast-feeding passes to the baby they are large and interfere with hearing, they can immunity that helps prevent ear infections. The eardrum separates the middle ear the infant rather than allowing the child to lie down from the external ear. Ear infections are not contagious, but earthquake supplies kit See disaster supplies. A child with an ear infection can travel by airplane, earwax A natural wax-like substance secreted by but if the Eustachian tube is not functioning well, glands in the skin on the outer part of the ear canal. A child Earwax repels water and traps dust and sand partiwith a draining ear should not fly or swim. Earwax is helpful in normal ear infection, external Infection of the skin covamounts. The absence of earwax may result in dry, ering the outer ear canal that leads in to the ear itchy ears, and in infection. Most whites and blacks have inflammation, meningitis, encephalitis, and inflamthe wet type, and most Asians and Native Americans mation around the heart. Ebola virus underdeveloped countries, and it is a serious probepidemics have occurred mainly in Sudan and lem even in developed countries. The initial symptoms are fever and headache, antispasmodic medication, notably magnesium sulfollowed by vomiting and diarrhea, muscle pain, fate. Ebola virus is ecogenetics the interaction of genetics with the highly contagious and is transmitted by contact with environment. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 21 is needed to process the amino acid phenylalanine, days. Echocardiography can measure cardiac output, and ectoderm the outermost of the three primary it is a sensitive test for detecting inflammation germ cell layers (the other two being the mesoderm around the heart (pericarditis). Echolalia is a feature of schizophreinner ear, the nerves, the brain, and the spinal cord. See also echopraxia; ectodermal structures retain their ability to differschizophrenia; Tourette syndrome. For example, some cells in the brain (ectoderm) can become bone marrow echopraxia the involuntary imitation of the (mesoderm). The term ectodermal dysplasia refers to the known that echoviruses can cause a number of difabnormal development (dysplasia) of structures ferent diseases, including rashes, diarrhea, respiraderived from one of the germ cell layers in the tory infections (such as the common cold, sore embryo (ectoderm). Also example, a lumpectomy is the surgical removal of a known as atopic dermatitis.

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